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Homepage of Christian Michel

THEORETICAL BIOINFORMATICS

Responsable Prof. Christian MICHEL

Bioinformatique Théorique

CSTB, ICube

Université de Strasbourg, CNRS

300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant

67400 Illkirch, France

Site: https://dpt-info.di.unistra.fr/~c.michel/

Site équipe: http://icube-cstb.unistra.fr/fr/index.php/Accueil


INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS

THEORETICAL BIOINFORMATICS RESEARCH

CIRCULAR CODE AND GENETIC CODE

GENE EVOLUTION

MAIN RESEARCH SOFTWARE

THEORETICAL BIOINFORMATICS ARTICLES

LECTURES

SURPRISING DISCOVERY OF A NEW GALAXY ! OF STARS ? OF GENOMES ?

An answer in the article of Michel and Sereni (2023) [PDF].

 

CURRENT INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS

Prof. Elena Fimmel, Hochschule Mannheim, Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Mannheim, Allemagne

Prof. Lutz Strüngmann, Hochschule Mannheim, Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Mannheim, Allemagne

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THEORETICAL BIOINFORMATICS RESEARCH

The objectives of the Theoretical Bioinformatics group are placed on the level of fundamental and theoretical knowledge with the identification of rules and properties in genes (more than 200 theorems, lemmas, propositions).

Review: Article A38

Identification of statistical signals in genes: Articles [A1,3-8,11,14,16]

Identification of circular codes in genes: Articles [A19,21,22,30,33,61,67,74,83,85,89]

Identification of circular code motifs: Articles [A53,59,65,72,73,77,79,80,82,84,87,88]

Properties of circular codes in genes: Articles [A36,41,46,49,63,64,66,92]

Combinatorics of circular codes: Articles [A27,39,40,47,50,52,54,55,57,58,60,70,71,75,76,78,81,86, 90,91,93]

Computer models of gene evolution: Articles [A8-10,12,20]

Probabilistic models of gene evolution by substitution: Articles [A13,15,17,23,24,31,32,34,35,37,42, 43,45,51]

Probabilistic models of gene evolution by substitution, insertion and deletion: Articles [A48,56,62, 65,68]

Phylogenetic distances and inference methods: Articles [A35,37,44]

Research software in bioinformatics: Articles [A9,28,45,65,68]

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CIRCULAR CODE AND GENETIC CODE

Figure 1. Main research fields of the theory of circular code in genes.

 

The circular code theory proposes that a circular code has preceded the genetic code.

The circular code X identified in genes of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, plasmids and viruses (Michel, 2017, Life 7, 20, 1-16, doi:10.3390/life7020020; Michel, 2015, J. Theor. Biol. 380, 156-177, doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.009; Arquès and Michel, 1996, J. Theor. Biol. 182, 45-58, doi:10.1006/jtbi.1996.0142) is based on the 20 following trinucleotides:

Precisely, X is a maximal C3 self-complementary trinucleotide circular code and has three major properties:

(i) to retrieve, maintain and synchronize the reading (correct) frame at any position in a gene;

(ii) to code 12 amino acids (according to the standard amino acid code):

(iii) to generate X circular code motifs in genes (Michel, Nguefack Ngoune, Poch, Ripp and Thompson, 2017, Life 7, 52, 1-20, doi:10.3390/life7040052) which can pair with the X circular code motifs in tRNAs and rRNAs, in particular in the ribosome decoding center (Michel, 2012, Comput. Biol. Chem. 37, 24-37, doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.10.002; El Soufi and Michel, 2014, Comput. Biol. Chem. 52, 9-17, doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2014.08.001). The universally conserved nucleotides A1492 and A1493 and the conserved nucleotide G530 are included in X circular code motifs.

Reviews in english [PDF] and [PDF]

Review in french [PDF]

Fimmel et Strüngmann, review article in Biosystems (2018, vol. 164, 186-198):

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MOTIFS OF THE CIRCULAR CODE X (X MOTIFS) IN THE RIBOSOME DECODING CENTER

Motifs of the circular code X in the ribosome decoding center: X motifs of mRNA in green, X motif containing the universally conserved A1492 and A1492 of rRNA in purple, X motif containing the universally converved G530 of rRNA in fuchsia and X motifs of tRNAs in dark blue (anticodon in black) (Michel, 2012; El Soufi and Michel, 2014). Graphical representation here with the 16s rRNA of Thermus thermophilus (PDB 3I8G).

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GENE EVOLUTION

Models of gene evolution by substitution of genetic motifs (Benard, Michel) [PDF]

Models of gene evolution by substitution, insertion and deletion of nucleotides (Lèbre, Michel) [PDF]

Models of gene evolution by substitution, insertion and deletion of genetic motifs (Benard, Lèbre, Michel) [PDF]

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MAIN RESEARCH SOFTWARE

GETEC (Genome Evolution by Transformation, Expansion and Contraction) (Benard E., Lèbre S., Michel C.J., 2015; [PDF]) to determine evolutionary analytical solutions of genetic motifs based on substitution, insertion and deletion as a function of time or sequence length, as well as in direct time direction (past-present) or in inverse time direction (present-past)

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THEORETICAL BIOINFORMATICS ARTICLES IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS

2023

[A94] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Strüngmann L. 2023. Circular mixed sets. Biosystems 229, 104906, 1-11. [PDF]

[A93] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Pirot F., Sereni J.-S., Strüngmann L. 2023. Diletter and triletter comma-free codes over finite alphabets. The Australasian Journal of Combinatorics 86(2), 233-270. [PDF]

[A92] Michel C.J., Sereni J.-S. 2023. Reading frame retrieval of genes: a new parameter of codon usage based on the circular code theory. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 85:24, 1-21. [PDF]

2022

[A91] Michel C.J., Sereni J.-S. 2022. Trinucleotide k-circular codes II: Biology. Biosystems 217, 104668, 1-18. [PDF].

[A90] Michel C.J., Mouillon B., Sereni J.-S. 2022. Trinucleotide k-circular codes I: Theory. Biosystems 217, 104667, 1-11. [PDF].

2021

[A89] Michel C.J. 2021. Genes on the circular code alphabet. Biosystems 206, 104431, 1-12. [PDF].

[A88] Thompson J.D., Ripp R., Mayer C., Poch O., Michel C.J. 2021. Potential role of the X circular code in the regulation of gene expression. Biosystems 203, 104368, 1-15. [PDF].

2020

[A87] Michel C.J., Mayer C., Poch O., Thompson J.D. 2020. Characterization of accessory genes in coronavirus genomes. Virology Journal 17:131, 1-13. [PDF].

[A86] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Pirot F., Sereni J.-S., Starman M., Strüngmann L. 2020. The relation between k-circularity and circularity of codes. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 82:105, 1-34. [PDF]

[A85] Michel C.J. 2020. The maximality of circular codes in genes statistically verified. Biosystems 197, 104201, 1-7. [PDF]

[A84] Dila G., Michel C.J., Thompson J.D. 2020. Optimality of circular codes versus the genetic code after frameshift errors. Biosystems 195, 104134, 1-11. [PDF]

[A83] Michel C.J., Thompson J.D. 2020. Identification of a circular code periodicity in the bacterial ribosome: origin of codon periodicity in genes? RNA Biology 17, 571-583. [PDF]

2019

[A82] Dila G., Ripp R., Mayer C., Poch O., Michel C.J., Thompson J.D. 2019. Circular code motifs in the ribosome: a missing link in the evolution of translation? RNA 25, 1714-1730. [PDF] [PDF Suppl. Mat.]

[A81] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Pirot F., Sereni J.-S., Strüngmann L. 2019. Mixed circular codes. Mathematical Biosciences 317, 108231, 1-14. [PDF]

[A80] Michel C.J. 2019. Single-frame, multiple-frame and framing motifs in genes. Life 9, 18, 1-22. [PDF]

[A79] Dila G., Michel C.J., Poch O., Ripp R., Thompson J.D. 2019. Evolutionary conservation and functional implications of circular code motifs in eukaryotic genomes. Biosystems 175, 57-74. [PDF]

2018

[A78] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Starman M., Strüngmann L. 2018. Self-complementary circular codes in coding theory. Theory in Biosciences 137, 51-65. [PDF]

2017

[A77] Michel C.J., Nguefack Ngoune V., Poch O., Ripp R., Thompson J.D. 2017. Enrichment of circular code motifs in the genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Life 7, 52, 1-20. [PDF]

[A76] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Strüngmann L. 2017. Diletter circular codes over finite alphabets. Mathematical Biosciences 294, 120-129. [PDF]

[A75] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Strüngmann L. 2017. Strong comma-free codes in genetic information. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 79, 1796-1819. [PDF]

[A74] Michel C.J. 2017. The maximal C3 self-complementary trinucleotide circular code X in genes of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, plasmids and viruses. Life 7, 20, 1-16. [PDF]

[A73] El Soufi K., Michel C.J. 2017. Unitary circular code motifs in genomes of eukaryotes. Biosystems 153, 45-62. [PDF]

2016

[A72] El Soufi K., Michel C.J. 2016. Circular code motifs in genomes of eukaryotes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 408, 198-212. [PDF]

[A71] Fimmel E., Michel C.J., Strüngmann L. 2016. n-Nucleotide circular codes in graph theory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, 20150058, 1-19. [PDF]

[A70] Michel C.J., Pellegrini M., Pirillo G. 2016. Maximal dinucleotide and trinucleotide circular codes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 389, 40-46. [PDF]

2015

[A69] El Soufi K., Michel C.J. 2015. Circular code motifs near the ribosome decoding center. Computational Biology and Chemistry 59, 158-176. [PDF]

[A68] Benard E., Lèbre S., Michel C.J. 2015. Genome evolution by transformation, expansion and contraction GETEC. Biosystems 135, 15-34. [PDF]

[A67] Michel C.J. 2015. The maximal C3 self-complementary trinucleotide circular code X in genes of bacteria, eukaryotes, plasmids and viruses. Journal of Theoretical Biology 380, 156-177. [PDF]

[A66] Michel C.J. 2015. An extended genetic scale of reading frame coding. Journal of Theoretical Biology 365, 164-174. [PDF]

2014

[A65] El Soufi K., Michel C.J. 2014. Circular code motifs in the ribosome decoding center. Computational Biology and Chemistry 52, 9-17. [PDF]

[A64] Michel C.J. 2014. A genetic scale of reading frame coding. Journal of Theoretical Biology 355, 83-94. [PDF]

[A63] Michel C.J., Seligmann H. 2014. Bijective transformation circular codes and nucleotide exchanging RNA transcription. Biosystems 118, 39-50. [PDF]

2013

[A62] Lèbre S., Michel C.J. 2013. A new molecular evolution model for limited insertion independent of substitution. Mathematical Biosciences 245, 137-147. [PDF]

[A61] Herrmann M., Michel C.J., Zugmeyer B. 2013. A necklace algorithm to determine the growth function of trinucleotide circular codes. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics 3, 1-40. [PDF]

[A60] Benard E., Michel C.J. 2013. Transition and transversion on the common trinucleotide circular code. Computational Biology Journal 2013, Article ID 795418, 1-10. [PDF]

[A59] Michel C.J. 2013. Circular code motifs in transfer RNAs. Computational Biology and Chemistry 45, 17-29. [PDF]

[A58] Michel C.J., Pirillo G. 2013. Dinucleotide circular codes. ISRN Biomathematics 2013, Article ID 538631, 1-8. [PDF]

[A57] Michel C.J., Pirillo G. 2013. A permuted set of a trinucleotide circular code coding the 20 amino acids in variant nuclear codes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 319, 116-121. [PDF]

2012

[A56] Lèbre S., Michel C.J. 2012. An evolution model for sequence length based on residue insertion-deletion independent of substitution: an application to the GC content in bacterial genomes. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 74, 1764-1788. [PDF]

[A55] Michel C.J., Pirillo G., Pirillo M.A. 2012. A classification of 20-trinucleotide circular codes. Information and Computation 212, 55-63. [PDF]

[A54] Bussoli L., Michel C.J., Pirillo G. 2012. On conjugation partitions of sets of trinucleotides. Applied Mathematics 3, 107-112. [PDF]

[A53] Michel C.J. 2012. Circular code motifs in transfer and 16S ribosomal RNAs: a possible translation code in genes. Computational Biology and Chemistry 37, 24-37. [PDF]

2011

[A52] Bussoli L., Michel C.J., Pirillo G. 2011. On some forbidden configurations for self-complementary trinucleotide circular codes. Journal for Algebra and Number Theory Academia 2, 223-232. [PDF]

[A51] Benard E., Michel C.J. 2011. A generalization of substitution evolution models of nucleotides to genetic motifs. Journal of Theoretical Biology 288, 73-83. [PDF]

[A50] Michel C.J., Pirillo G. 2011. Strong trinucleotide circular codes. International Journal of Combinatorics 2011, Article ID 659567, 1-14. [PDF]

[A49] Ahmed A., Michel C.J. 2011. Circular code signal in frameshift genes. Journal of Computer Science and Systems Biology 4, 7-15. [PDF]

2010

[A48] Lèbre S., Michel C.J. 2010. A stochastic evolution model for residue insertion-deletion independent from substitution. Computational Biology and Chemistry 34, 259-267. [PDF]

[A47] Michel C.J., Pirillo G. 2010. Identification of all trinucleotide circular codes. Computational Biology and Chemistry 34, 122-125. [PDF]

[A46] Ahmed A., Frey G., Michel C.J. 2010. Essential molecular functions associated with the circular code evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 264, 613-622. [PDF]

2009

[A45] Benard E., Michel C.J. 2009. Computation of direct and inverse mutations with the SEGM web server Stochastic Evolution of Genetic Motifs: an application to splice sites of human genome introns. Computational Biology and Chemistry 33, 245-252. [PDF]

[A44] Criscuolo A., Michel C.J. 2009. Phylogenetic inference with weighted codon evolutionary distances. Journal of Molecular Evolution 68, 377-392. [PDF]

[A43] Bahi J.M., Michel C.J. 2009. A stochastic model of gene evolution with time dependent pseudochaotic mutations. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 71, 681-700. [PDF]

2008

[A42] Bahi J.M., Michel C.J. 2008. A stochastic model of gene evolution with chaotic mutations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 255, 53-63. [PDF]

[A41] Ahmed A., Michel C.J. 2008. Plant microRNA detection using the circular code information. Computational Biology and Chemistry 32, 400-405. [PDF]

[A40] Michel C.J., Pirillo G., Pirillo M.A. 2008. A relation between trinucleotide comma-free codes and trinucleotide circular codes. Theoretical Computer Science 401, 17-26. [PDF]

[A39] Michel C.J., Pirillo G., Pirillo M.A. 2008. Varieties of comma free codes. Computer and Mathematics with Applications 55, 989-996. [PDF]

[A38] Michel C.J. 2008. A 2006 review of circular codes in genes. Computer and Mathematics with Applications 55, 984-988. [PDF]

2007

[A37] Michel C.J. 2007. Evolution probabilities and phylogenetic distance of dinucleotides. Journal of Theoretical Biology 249, 271-277. [PDF]

[A36] Ahmed A., Frey G., Michel C.J. 2007. Frameshift signals in genes associated with the circular code. In Silico Biology 7, 155-168. [PDF]

[A35] Michel C.J. 2007. Codon phylogenetic distance. Computational Biology and Chemistry 31, 36-43. [PDF]

[A34] Michel C.J. 2007. An analytical model of gene evolution with 9 mutation parameters: an application to the amino acids coded by the common circular code. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 69, 677-698. [PDF]

2006

[A33] Frey G., Michel C.J. 2006. Identification of circular codes in bacterial genomes and their use in a factorization method for retrieving the reading frames of genes. Computational Biology and Chemistry 30, 87-101. [PDF]

[A32] Frey G., Michel C.J. 2006. An analytical model of gene evolution with 6 mutation parameters: an application to archaeal circular codes. Computational Biology and Chemistry 30, 1-11. [PDF]

2004

[A31] Bahi J.M., Michel C.J. 2004. A stochastic gene evolution model with time dependent mutations. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 66, 763-778. [PDF]

2003

[A30] Frey G., Michel C.J. 2003. Circular codes in archaeal genomes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 223, 413-431. [PDF]

[A29] Michel C.J. 2003. A computer method for identifying patterns in the electroencephalogram signals. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 27, 267-275. [PDF]

2002

[A28] Arquès D.G., Lacan J., Michel C.J. 2002. Identification of protein coding genes in genomes with statistical functions based on the circular code. Biosystems 66, 73-92. [PDF]

2001

[A27] Lacan J., Michel C.J. 2001. Analysis of a circular code model. Journal of Theoretical Biology 213, 159-170. [PDF]

2000

[A26] Bahi J.M., Michel C.J. 2000. Convergence of discrete asynchronous iterations. International Journal of Computer Mathematics 74, 113-125. [PDF]

1999

[A25] Bahi J.M., Michel C.J. 1999. Simulations of asynchronous evolution of discrete systems. Simulation Practice and Theory 7, 309-324. [PDF]

[A24] Arquès D.G., Fallot J.-P., Marsan L., Michel C.J. 1999. An evolutionary analytical model of a complementary circular code. Biosystems 49, 83-103. [PDF]

1998

[A23] Arquès D.G., Fallot J.-P., Michel C.J. 1998. An evolutionary analytical model of a complementary circular code simulating the protein coding genes, the 5' and 3' regions. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 60, 163-194. [PDF]

1997

[A22] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1997. A circular code in the protein coding genes of mitochondria. Journal of Theoretical Biology 189, 273-290. [PDF]

[A21] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1997. A code in the protein coding genes. Biosystems 44, 107-134. [PDF]

[A20] Arquès D.G., Fallot J.-P., Michel C.J. 1997. An evolutionary model of a complementary circular code. Journal of Theoretical Biology 185, 241-253. [PDF]

1996

[A19] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1996. A complementary circular code in the protein coding genes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 182, 45-58. [PDF]

[A18] Arquès D.G., Fallot J.-P., Michel C.J. 1996. Identification of several types of periodicities in the collagens and their simulation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 19, 131-138. [PDF]

1995

[A17] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1995. Analytical solutions of the dinucleotide probability after and before random mutations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 175, 533-544. [PDF]

[A16] Arquès D.G., Lapayre J.-C., Michel C.J. 1995. Identification and simulation of shifted periodicities common to protein coding genes of eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses. Journal of Theoretical Biology 172, 279-291. [PDF]

1994

[A15] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1994. Analytical expression of the purine/pyrimidine autocorrelation function after and before random mutations. Mathematical Biosciences 123, 103-125. [PDF]

1993

[A14] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1993. Identification and simulation of new non-random statistical properties common to different eukaryotic gene subpopulations. Biochimie 75, 399-407. [PDF]

[A13] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1993. Analytical expression of the purine/pyrimidine codon probability after and before random mutations. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55, 1025-1038. [PDF]

[A12] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1993. A model of gene evolution based on recognizable languages and on insertion and deletion operations. International Journal of Modelling and Simulation 13, 110-113. [PDF]

[A11] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J., Orieux K. 1993. Identification and simulation of new non-random statistical properties common to different populations of eukaryotic non-coding genes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 161, 329-342. [PDF]

1992

[A10] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1992. A simulation of the genetic periodicities modulo 2 and 3 with processes of nucleotide insertions and deletions. Journal of Theoretical Biology 156, 113-127. [PDF]

[A9] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J., Orieux K. 1992. Analysis of Gene Evolution: the software AGE. Bioinformatics 8, 5-14. [PDF]

1990

[A8] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1990. A model of DNA sequence evolution. Part 1: Statistical features and classification of gene populations, 743-753. Part 2: Simulation model, 753-766. Part 3: Return of the model to the reality, 766-770. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52, 741-772. [PDF]

[A7] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1990. Periodicities in coding and noncoding regions of the genes. Journal of Theoretical Biology 143, 307-318. [PDF]

1989

[A6] Michel C.J. 1989. A study of the purine/pyrimidine codon occurrence with a reduced centered variable and an evaluation compared to the frequency statistic. Mathematical Biosciences 97, 161-177. [PDF]

1987

[A5] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1987. Periodicities in introns. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 7581-7592. [PDF]

[A4] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1987. A purine-pyrimidine motif verifying an identical presence in almost all gene taxonomic groups. Journal of Theoretical Biology 128, 457-461. [PDF]

[A3] Arquès D.G., Michel C.J. 1987. Study of a perturbation in the coding periodicity. Mathematical Biosciences 86, 1-14. [PDF]

1986

[A2] Michel C.J., Jacq B., Arquès D.G., Bickle T.A. 1986. A remarkable amino acid sequence homology between a phage T4 tail fibre protein and ORF314 of phage lambda located in the tail operon. Gene 44, 147-150. [PDF]

[A1] Michel C.J. 1986. New statistical approach to discriminate between protein coding and non-coding regions in DNA sequences and its evaluation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 120, 223-236. [PDF]

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